Zoology

The NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) Zoology syllabus covers a wide range of topics from animal diversity to human physiology. Below is a comprehensive list of topics typically included in the syllabus:

1. Animal Diversity:

   • Classification of living organisms
   • Principles of taxonomy and systematics
   • General characteristics and classification of non-chordates (Porifera to Echinodermata)
   • General characteristics and classification of chordates (Fish to Mammals)

2. Structural Organization in Animals:

   • Tissues: Types, structure, and functions
   • Digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, nervous, and reproductive systems of different phyla
   • Sense organs and their functions

3. Human Physiology:

   • Digestion and absorption: Structure and function of the digestive system, absorption and assimilation of nutrients
   • Breathing and respiration: Mechanism of breathing, exchange of gases, transport of gases, regulation of respiration
   • Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood, structure and function of the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic system
   • Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion, structure and function of the kidney, nephron and its structural and functional unit
   • Muscular and skeletal systems: Structure and functions of bones and muscles, joints
   • Neural control and coordination: Neuron, nervous system, central and peripheral nervous system, reflex action and reflex arcs, sense organs

4. Reproduction:

   • Reproduction in organisms: Modes of reproduction, asexual and sexual reproduction
   • Human reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems, reproductive health, menstrual cycle, fertilization, implantation, pregnancy, embryonic development, parturition, lactation

5. Genetics and Evolution:

   • Principles of inheritance and variation: Mendelian inheritance, deviation from Mendelism, chromosomal theory of inheritance, gene mapping, linkage and crossing over, sex determination, mutations, genetic disorders
   • Molecular basis of inheritance: Structure of DNA and RNA, replication, transcription, genetic code, translation, regulation of gene expression
   • Evolution: Origin of life, theories of evolution, evidences of evolution, adaptive radiation, biological evolution and speciation, human evolution

6. Biology and Human Welfare:

   • Human health and diseases: Pathogens, immunity, AIDS, cancer, drugs and alcohol abuse
   • Enhancement in food production: Plant breeding, tissue culture, microbial culture
   • Microbes in human welfare: Microbes in household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation, microbes as biocontrol agents

7. Ecology and Environment:

   • Organisms and their environment: Ecosystem, ecological succession, ecological pyramids, nutrient cycling, biogeochemical cycles
   • Biodiversity and its conservation: Biodiversity, biodiversity conservation, national parks, sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, endangered species, wildlife protection acts